itis句型句式|句式句型专题（七）：独立主格结构

句式句型专题（七）：独立主格结构
（四）独立主格结构
一） 独立主格结构的构成：
名词(代词)+现在分词、过去分词；
名词(代词)+形容词；
名词(代词)+副词；
名词(代词)+不定式；
名词(代词) +介词短语构成。　
二） 独立主格结构的特点：
　　1）独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。
　　2）名词或代词与后面的分词，形容词，副词，不定 式，介词等是主谓关系。
　　3）独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。
举例：
　　The test finished, we began our holiday.
　= When the test was finished, we began our holiday.
　　考试结束了，我们开始放假。
　　The president assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow.
　= After the president was assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow.
　　总统被谋杀了，举国上下沉浸在悲哀之中。
　　Weather permitting, we are going to visit you tomorrow.　
　　如果天气允许，我们明天去看你。
This done, we went home.　　　
　　工作完成后，我们才回家。
　　The meeting gone over, everyone tired to go home earlier.　
　　会议结束后，每个人都想早点回家。
　　He came into the room, his ears red with cold.
他回到了房子里，耳朵冻坏了。
　　He came out of the library, a large book under his arm.
　他夹着本厚书，走出了图书馆。

三） With的复合结构作独立主格
表伴随时，既可用分词的独立结构，也可用with的复合结构。
　　with +名词(代词)+现在分词/过去分词/形容词/副词/不定式/介词短语
举例: He stood there, his hand raised.
　 = He stood there, with his hand raise.
典型例题
　　The murder was brought in, with his hands ___ behind his back。
A. being tied　 B. having tied　　C. to be tied　　D. tied　　
　　答案D. with +名词（代词）+分词+介词短语结构。当分词表示伴随状况时，其主语常常用with来引导。由于本句中名词"手"与分词"绑"是被动关系，因此用过去分词，选D.　　

注意:
1) 独立主格结构使用介词的问题：
　 当介词是in时，其前后的两个名词均不加任何成分（如物主代词或冠词），也不用复数。但 with 的复合结构不受此限制
　 A robber burst into the room, knife in hand.　
　 ( hand前不能加his)。　　　　　
2) 当表人体部位的词做逻辑主语时，及物动词用现在分 词，不及物动词用过去分词。
　 He lay there, his teeth set, his hand clenched, his eyes looking straight up.
典型例题：
　Weather___, well go out for a walk.
　A permitted　 B permitting　 C permits　 D for permitting
　 答案B. 本题中没有连词，它不是复合句，也不是并列句。 句中使用了逗号，且we 小写，可知其不是两个简单句。能够这样使用的只有独立主格或with的复合结构。据此判断，本句中使用的是独立结构， 其结构为：名词+分词。 由于permit在这里翻译为天气允许，表主动，应用现在分词，故选B。
　 如果不会判断独立结构作状语的形式，不妨将句子改为条件句，例如本句改为If weather permits, well go out for a walk. 然后将if 去掉，再将谓语动词改为非谓语动词即可。
1. The country has already sent up three unmanned spacecraft, the most recent ______ at the end of last March.（07山东）
A. has been launched  B. having been launched  C. being launched     D. to be launched
2. The children went home from the grammar school, their lessons __ for the day.（07重庆）
A. finishing　   B. finished 　C. had finished　D. were finished
3. ---Come on, please give me some ideas about the project.
---Sorry. With so much work           my mind, I almost break down.（07福建）
A. filled B. filling C. to fill D. being filled
4. John received an invitation to dinner, and with his work ___, he gladly accepted it.（07安徽）
A. finished   B. finishing   C. having finished  D. was finished
5. There ____ no classes yesterday, we paid a visit to the Great Wall . 
A. was   B. being   C. were    D. had been
6. The boy lay on the ground, his eyes ____ and his hands ____. 
A. being closed；trembling  B. closed；trembling
C. closed；trembled        D. closing；trembled
7. The heavy rain ___________, the children went outside to play.
A. had stopped   B. stopped   C. stopping    D. having stopped
8. ____ production up by 60％, the company has had another excellent year.
A. As  B. For   C. With   D. Through
9. The weather ____ so bad, we had to put the game off . 
A. was   B. is   C. were   D. being
10. The problem ____, the meeting came to the end. 
A. settled B. was settled C. being settled D. setting
11. ______ two exams to worry about, I have to work really hard this weekend.
A. With   B. Besides     C. As for   D. Because of
12. It was a pity that the great writer died _________his works unfinished.
A. for   B. with   C. from  D. of
13. A lot of people felt concerned about the progress of the project, _________.
A. me including   B. me included   C. I was included  D. including I
14. Ford tried dividing the labor, each worker_______ a separate task.
A. assigning  B. assigned  C. was assigned  D. would be assigned
15. The lecture_____, he left his seat so quietly that no one complained that his leaving disturbed the speaker.
A. began  B. beginning  C. having begun  D. being beginning
16. Such _______the case, there are no grounds to justify your complaints.
A. being  B. is  C. was   D. to be
17. Darkness _______in, the young people lingered on merrymaking.
A. set  B. setting  C. has set  D. was set
18. With all factors _______, we think this program may excel all the others in achieving the goal.
A. being considered  B. considering  C. considered   D. are considered
19. A new technique ________, the yields as a whole increased by 20 percent.
A. to have been worked out  B. having worked out C. working out  D. having been worked out
20. On the top was the clear outline of a great wolf sitting still, ears______, alert, listening.
A. pointed  B. pointing  C. are pointed  D. are pointing
21. Walter offered us a lift when he was leaving the office, but our work____, we declined the offer.
A. not being finished   B. not having finished  C. had not been finished  D. was not finished
22. There are various kinds of metals, each________ its own properties.
A. has  B. had   C. to have  D. having
23. The article opens and closes with descriptions of two news reports, each ______ one major point in contrast with the other.
A. makes  B. made  C. is to make  D. making
24.All flights________, we decided to take a greyhound.
A. were canceled    B. had been canceled  C. having canceled  D. having been canceled
25. The thief followed her, with his eyes ______ on the wallet in her pocket.
A. fix    B. fixed  C. fixing       D. to fixed
26._________, the price would be reasonable.
A. All things are considered  B. For all things consider
C. All things considered  D. If all things considered 
27 So many directors _______, the board meeting had to be put off.
 A. were absent  B. been absent  C. had been absent D. being absent
28 The sale usually takes place outside the house, with the audience ________ on benches, chairs or boxes.
 A. having seated B. seating  C. seated D. having been seated
29 Homework _______ on time will lead to better grades.
 A. done  B. be done  C. having done  D. to have been done
30 The speech ________, a lively discussion started.
 A. being delivered  B. was delivered  C. be delivered  D. having been delivered
31 After the Arab states won independence, great emphasis was laid on expanding education, with girls as well as boys ___________ to go to school.
 A. to be encouraged  B. been encouraged  C. being encouraged  D. be encouraged
32 ________, a man who expresses himself effectively is sure to succeed more rapidly than a man whose command of language is poor.
 A. Other things being equal  B. Were other things equal
 C. To be equal to other things  D. Other things to be equal
33 All the tasks __________ ahead of time, they decided to go on holiday for a week.
 A. had been fulfilled B. were fulfilled  C. having been fulfilled D. been fulfilled
34. ___________ nothing more to discuss, the CEO got to his feet, said goodbye and left the meeting room.
A. There was B. Being C. There being D. As there being
35.The storm ____ , they had to live in a cave.
 A. has destroyed their hut  B. to destroy their hut
C. having destroyed their hut  D. being destroyed
36.The students ____ the exercises, the teacher went on to explain the text.
 A. doing B. did C. having done  D. to do
37. ____ a fine day, I decided to go for an outing.
A. Being B. Having been C. It being D. How
38. We were overjoyed at the news of China ______ her own manmade satellite.
A. to have launched  B. to launch  C. launched  D. having launched
 

itis句型句式|句式句型专题（七）：独立主格结构

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